Interpreting a Factor Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deciphering a Factor Analysis - Essay Example This low instruction influences their capacity to either make sure about any or a well-paying occupation (Vijayakumar, 2013). Moreover, the more youthful ages have lower work abilities and work experience contrasted with the more seasoned people. Because of their restricted access to work/well paying work, youngsters are progressively inclined to destitution and, thus, higher budgetary reliance (Gupta, 2007). These two examinations effectively exhibit that there is a connection among age and reliance †the higher the age, the lower the degree of reliance. In view of these discoveries, I look to research whether this speculative connection among age and money related reliance is legitimate for the current information. The accompanying theory is examined: That suggests that, for this investigation, more significant levels of reliance are required to compare to bring down ages. A bivariate relationship examination was run in the SPSS utilizing the figured an incentive for â€Å"dependency† and age. The test was run at the 5% level of centrality. The discoveries are contained in the accompanying area. The normal periods of the 1146 members is 32.4 years (Std. dev. = 11.25), while the normal reliance score is 14.25 (Std. dev. = 4.56). The connection between's the periods of members and reliance is - 0.107 (p The discoveries of this examination conform to the discoveries of both Gupta (2007) and Vijavakumar (2013) which set up the presence of huge connections between's the ages and reliance levels of members. This affirms legitimacy of the â€Å"dependency† scale. Since the connection among age and reliance is reverse (negative relationship coefficient), and having affirmed the legitimacy of the reliance scale, we reason that the more established ages have generally lower levels of monetary reliance, while the more youthful people have moderately more elevated levels of money related

Meditation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection - Essay Example There are various techniques for contemplation. In any case, there is the concentrative contemplation that involves concentrating consideration on an article until it becomes more clear (Jordt, 2007). Regarding the five detects, an article could be a sound, physical sensation, or a visual picture. The most widely recognized article involves concentrating on the common physical procedure of relaxing. This involves taking care of quieting impressions of relaxing. A responsive contemplation includes being available to the experience that emerges out of concentrating on an article. For example, an individual may sit with the eyes open and watch one’s condition without deduction and judging. In intelligent reflection, an individual directs one’s concentration toward a subject yet gets open to important encounters. Generative contemplation, then again, includes love and thoughtfulness. This includes the pondering individual directing concentration toward oneself as well as ot her people. These kinds of reflection award huge advantages. In the first place, it enables one’s considerations to turn out to be still. At the point when the contemplations become still, an individual can pick on a specific subject and consider profoundly it. This is on the grounds that fluffy contemplations that don't have a given center don't create important thoughts. Likewise, still musings avert stress and uneasiness. This therefore contributes towards joy, as the individual doesn't over-think. Zen contemplation is a control of plunking down and quieting both the body and the brain towards understanding into nature. In this sense, the intervening individual additions illumination.

Archaeological sites in the landscape

What are the central strategies used to distinguish archeological locales in the scene? Fundamentally evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the strategies you recognize using important illustrations.The paleologist utilizes an extent of procedures to effectively distinguish and turn up archeological destinations inside the scene ; these techniques are non-obtrusive and non-damaging and harvest time into four wide classs: * Desk Top Surveys †¢ Surface Surveys * Geophysical and Geochemical examines †¢ Aerial Surveys ( Grant et Al, 2002. p5 ) . In add-on to these, a few destinations might be found by circumstance, for representation when quarrying, digging and peat film altering or simply out in strolling in the scene. These wide classs all supplement one another and the most significant strategies in each occasion will rely upon the territory of the nation being examined and the assets and clasp accessible for test. Plus, the requests being solicited and the evaluation from truth required will hold an outcome on how these methods are utilized ( Greene. 1991. p54 ) .Desk Top Surveys:The work area study is office based and utilizes bing paperss, for example, maps, chronicled paperss, old archeological records, pictures and writing, all of which would all be able to flexibly insinuations and notices to archeological destinations. Maps can be utilized to turn up destinations, and are among the most fundamental assets accessible to the prehistorian. Mid sixteenth century maps are non ever proportional however can be extremely u tile, Ordnance Survey began printing maps in the mid nineteenth century and, by dissecting a succession of maps of a nation, much can be gained from the adjustments in use of the land and structures. ( Grant et Al, 2002. p8 ) . Old tithe maps and terriers, regularly found among the workss and records partner to the proprietorship and course of domains and belongingss, may offer entrance about overlooked destinations ( Barker, 1993 ) . In spite of the fact that the majority of early records have non made due, there is as yet an expansive extent of accessible which the classicist may occur of worth. Legitimate records, including volitions and council records, can gracefully limits of proprietorship and indications to the maps of structures. The Domesday Book and other income upgrade records and tithe grants can put the financial utilization and limits of land, Pictorial records such photos pictures, and inscriptions, and enlightening narratives written in books, diaries and travelogs would all be able to be of significant worth. Of impossible to miss inclusion is crafted by William Stukeley ( 1687 †1785 ) , a precise and attentive account hardware who voyaged widely all through Britain, and William Camden ( 1551 †1623 ) , whose careful and expound portrayals were distributed in the primary general attendant to the ancient pieces in Britain, ‘Britannia ‘ in 1585 ( Greene pp24 †27 ) . These records can be uninhibitedly found in historical centers, libraries and private conglomerations and may offer an uncommon record of an archeological trademark. Detailss of any old archeological diggings, disclosures and old investigation outcomes are completely held in nearby SMR and national NMR workplaces and can offer understanding into potential locales for geographic undertaking. There is every now and again much truth covered up in the tales and accounts of times long past and an overview of these may flexibly an indication to an overlooked or topographic point. Most conventions and legends are established on existent individuals and topographic focuses which, over clasp, can go exaggerated and unfathomable. ( Grant et al. 2002. p8 ) . By filtering the weaving from these legends the paleologist is every now and again left with an accommodating accurate portrayal. This is a modest and solid way of procuring data, however it tends to be cut eating up. During interviews with nearby tenants in Kythera, Greece a tremendous whole of narrative data was created on the utilization of the scene of the island, its ‘ spurning and reuse, and the associations between individuals, modest communities and houses of worship which all assisted with placing archeological work into setting ( Johnson and A ; Wilson. 2003 ) . The work area study is of curious worth where tests are part of the arranging method to decide if there are probably going to be archeological remains which could be lost or compromised as a bit of the building and advancement of the land. ( Grant et al 2002. p6 ) . Numerous authentic records are allowed to dish and can be found in libraries, exhibition halls, County Records and Archives Offices, on the internet, at Local and National Sites and Monuments Records workplaces and in private aggregations.Surface Surveys.These are visual examinations which look to happen traces of potential destinations and are done, most ordinarily, on pes. A surface report can be methodical or unsystematic, in spite of the fact that the most typically utilized, is a deliberate assault ( Renfrew and A ; Bahn. 2008. p78 ) . The aim is to do an investigation of archeological revelations inside a nation to discover in the event that they may demonstrate to past human action ( Lynch. 2006 ) . A lattice is ge nerally spread out on the land to help work and a crew of Walkers go over every nation on the network, entering destinations and revelations. The general record of the sorts and spread of the antiquities found can give a decent idea of the age of a site and its conceivable old usages ( Adkins et al 2008 ) . Fieldwalking is an efficacious and similarly economical way of evaluating land and has a basic topographic point in the find of archeological destinations. When the disclosures are recognized and examined, the informations can other than help to gracefully data about the day of the long stretch of a site and its potential maps. Outcomes are all things considered progressively trustworthy where the part is strolled over and over as a drawn out endeavor ( Renfrew and A ; Bahn. 2008. p 79 ) . It holds a few limitations in that extraordinary fieldwalkers may hold differential sorts of collection over a similar sight. Fieldwalking works best on cultivable land, however should be done on occasion in the cultivable beat when verdure is low. ( Grant 2002 ) . Tesserae discovered during field strolling at Rowler Manor in Croughton, Northamptonshire prompted the find in 1991 of a Roman Villa alongside a Mosaic clearing ( Dawson, 2008 )Geochemical and Geophysical SurveysThe action of universes a ltogether modifies the geochemical making out of earth, and the paleontologist can use concoction testing to discover nations of progress to the soil by human action. The most widely recognized geophysical preliminary is phosphate examination. This substance is available in most living things and the nearness of tamed vivify creatures, individuals and workss in a scene will expand the convergence of phosphates in that scene. Territories of high impregnation of phosphates can so be investigated more remote to decide the essentialness of the movement ( Renfrew and A ; Bahn. 2008. p105 ) . At Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion in Wales, geochemical examination was utilized to find that internments on this Early Christian Burial site could be recognized using phosphate investigation and conceivable grave destinations of more remote burials were recorded ( Murphy 1992 ) . Geophysical looking over has grown well throughout the last scarcely any mature ages and is utilized with extraordinary achievement in archeological site prospection. There are two boss techniques for geophysical looking over, these are electrical resistively and magnetometery ( Bowden 1999. P 120 ) . Resistivity evaluating includes go throughing an electrical flow through examination set into the land, and depends on the capacity of sub-surface stuffs to carry on that flow, By and enormous, higher restriction qualities, for example, inhumed dividers have a constrained wet substance and infilled trench and holes which hold wet will give lower readings. ( Reference ) The strategy is especially fit to the find of rock developments. Its prosperity is influenced by nearby topography what's more the conditions. Dry or truly wet conditions, each piece great as changes in the temperature can affect the nature of the outcomes as they influence pace of stream of the electric flow. The electric opposition gear is substantial to use and the investigation can take some clasp to complete, yet this is a cost useful strategy for study. Charged Fe oxides are available in the earth and past human movement changes and redistributes these, making more grounded and more vulnerable reactions which can be recognized as attractive anomalousnesss. It is extremely convenient and useful for fast reviewing of land. The outcomes delivered can be truly detailed and they are extremely utile for putting inhumed trench, holes, furnaces and chimneys. ( Reference ) The undersoil of the land can follow up on the results ; the most antiphonal soils being are chalks and limestone. Molten undersoils are the most difficult to investigate with this method and the results on mud soils can be whimsical. Electric obstruction and magnetometry methods were utilized in karstic territories in County Cork, Ireland, which recognized the spot of a prior obscure cavern ( Gibson et al, 2004 ) . A figure of more current methods including Ground Penetrating Radar ( GPR ) and Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) are other than accessible and going famous instruments for the excavator. GPR was produced for utilization in guard system and innovation. It is a costly method and is of most prominent worth where covered sedimentations are near the outside of the soil. It has the advantage that it can take readings through landing area surfaces, and consequently is utile in urban conditions ( Grant et al. 2002 ) . GIS is a ground-breaking modernized capacity framework with the capacity to investigate quantitative informations, which is utile for plotting spreads of disclosures and preliminary speculation. GIS was solidly utilized at Tel Shiqmona, Israel, to carry on beach front and marine examinations and to quantify the strength of Maritime exchanging with the Phoenicians ( Breman. 2003 )Aerial SurveiesThe use of elevated picture taking was spearheaded by O G S Crawford, an Archeo logist and Observer in the Royal Flying Co

2017 Top 40 Undergraduate Professors Ron Gebhardtsbauer, Penn State (Smeal)

2017 Top 40 Undergraduate Professors: Ron Gebhardtsbauer, Penn State (Smeal) by: Andrea Carter on September 18, 2017 | 0 Comments Comments 788 Views September 18, 2017Ron GebhardtsbauerClinical Associate Professor,  Actuarial SciencePenn State University, Smeal College of BusinessRon Gebhardtsbauer joined Penn State’s Smeal College of Business after leaving his post as the senior benefits advisor to the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Finance. Prior, this actuary expert who focuses on pension and retirement benefits, was the Senior Pension Fellow and Spokesperson for the American Academy of Actuaries, a role in which he frequently testified before Congress and moderated the White House Conference on Social Security. In his pre business school days, he also advised international governments on topics from pensions to social security as the lead U.S. delegate to the International Association of Actuaries. Professor Gebhardtsbauer’s real-world expe rience in the realm of actuarial science has made all the difference for him as a standout business school professor. His knowledge and experience in the field has helped raise the caliber of undergraduate education in actuarial science in Smeal’s Department of Risk Management. The school also credits Gebhardtsbauer’s leadership for helping Smeal to tripleover the last five yearsthe number of students who passed five of the necessary exams toward actuarial science accreditation.Age: 65At current institution since:  2008Education:  Fellow in the Society of Actuaries with a Master of Science in Actuarial Science from Northeastern University, 1976List of courses you currently teach: Probability Theory, Financial Mathematics, Financial Economics (Option Pricing, Derivatives Markets), Actuarial MathematicsFun fact about yourself: When a class has been timid at participating in a discussion or answering my questions, I’ve been known to stand on a student’s desk (like in the movie â€Å"Dead Poets Society†) and encourage them to be more confident, as they will be masters of the universe someday (in the insurance benefits world).â€Å"I knew I wanted to be a business school professor when†¦ The head of the Actuarial Program retired and I wanted his job and didn’t want to work in the U.S. Congress any longer.â€Å"If I weren’t a business school professor†¦Ã‚  I don’t know what I’d do. I guess I’d retire.â€Å"One word that describes my first time teaching Fun (so much fun, they needn’t pay me).What do you enjoy most about teaching undergraduate business students? Unlike older adults, college students are still impressionable, so they listen and believe everything I say (well almost everything).What is the biggest challenge that comes with teaching undergraduate business students? They believe everything I say (even when I make mistakes).   I want to teach students to think before they believe.What is the most impressive thing one of your undergraduate students has done? Passed 5 actuarial exams before graduation (on top of a double major)What is the least favorite thing one has done?  I had a student overtaken by heroin (but the good news is that a few years later he overcame it returned to finish his actuarial degree).What does a student need to do to get an A in your class? Understand the material covered (better than 2/3rds of the class), do Homework, and Participate in class discussions.â€Å"When it comes to grading, I think students would describe me as †¦ Tough, but fairâ€Å"But I would describe myself as †¦ Tough, but fairWhat are your hobbies? Skiing, biking, hiking, swimming, body surfing, rollerblading, physical challenges (such as Ninja courses), singing, acting, theological discussions, etc.How did you spend your summer?   See aboveFavorite place to vacation: Beach, Mountains, Ski Resorts, ItalyFavorite book: Rabbi Jesus by Bruce Chilton and â€Å"The Kingdom of God is Within You† by TolstoyFavorite movie and/or television show: â€Å"Brother Son, Sister Moon† by Franco Zeffirelli and the many Star Trek seriesFavorite type of music and/or favorite artist: Broadway MusicalsBucket list item #1:   Go to explore ancient ruins in Greece and Palestine/IsraelWhat professional achievement are you most proud of? Being Spokesperson for the actuarial profession in the U.S., and 75 of my students have become FSAs (Fellows in the Society of Actuaries)What is your most memorable moment as a professor? Students clapping for me at the end of the semester and my Teacher of the Year awardProfessor you most admire and why: Keith Crocker – he has many more Teacher of the Year Awards, and he’s heavily published and respected in his fieldWhat are you currently researching and what is the most significant discovery youve made from it? N/ATwitter handle: N/Aâ€Å"If I had my way, the busines s school of the future would have.. Much more flexibility in changing degree requirementsâ€Å"And much less of this† BureaucracyLooking ahead 10 years from now, describe what â€Å"success† would like for you.   Happy in retirement, but still alert enough to teach a course each year Page 1 of 11

Tim OBriens Captivating and Life-Changing Story The...

â€Å"The Things They Carried† is a short verisimilitude story. It was written by Tim O’Brien, who is a Vietnam veteran. He never dreamed it would have been such a captivating and life changing story that it has become. Tim O’Brien introduces us to life during the Vietnam War. He captures the feelings of each soldier as they were in the battle field. We are involved in their dreams, fears, and the ghosts that haunted them. These were some of the things they carried. â€Å"First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carried letters from a girl named Martha† (OBrien, 1990). This is how we are introduced to Cross. He is a young soldier that is responsible for his platoon. He is only 22 years old. He carries his love for a young lady by the name of Martha. He also†¦show more content†¦This was one less burden he had to carry, but the other 16 had this burden. He also carried a ghost. Dave Jensen, we are introduced to him as a hygiene fanatic. He carried a â€Å"too thbrush, dental floss, and several hotel-size bars of soap he’d stolen on RR in Sydney, Australia† (OBrien, 1990). He also carried extra socks and foot powder. Jensen also carried vitamins for night sight. He carried a rabbit’s foot for luck. He also carried a ghost. Ted Lavender was scared and carried many things to keep himself calm. He carried tranquilizers and dope. He also carried extra ammunitions because of his fear. Lavender ended up being the biggest weight that the others had to carry. His death affected each of them in different ways. Rat Kiley was the platoon medic. He carried comic books and a â€Å"canvas satchel filled with morphine and plasma and malaria tablets and surgical tape† (OBrien, 1990). He carried all the things that would be needed for combat injuries. There was nothing he could do for Ted Lavender, except to pronounce him dead. He also carried a ghost. Kiowa is introduced as a devout Baptist and as an Indian. He carried his New Testament Bible that was given to him by his father. â€Å"Kiowa also carried his grandmother’s distrust of the white man and his grandfather’s old hunting hatchet† (OBrien, 1990). Kiowa also carried the vision of Ted Lavender being shot. He repeated the moment in his mind endlessly. He carried the guilt of not being able toShow MoreRelatedAnd Symbolism In Sweetheart Of The Song Tra Bong, By OBrien1362 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelop a version of the story individually. It makes the reading a more personalized experience that helps the reader to understand what’s going on. When O’Brien was just about to escape to Canada to avoid being drafted, he described the scene that was presented in front of him. â€Å"The shoreline was dense with brush and timber. I could see tiny red berries on the bushes.† In this quote, the reader can visualize the setting of the lake where he has to make his life-changing decision. It appeals to the

Descartes s View Of God - 1499 Words

Descartes proved in earlier Meditations that he himself exists because he is able to think and reason. His thought and his own mental idea of himself acts as the only proof of his existence that cannot be doubted. Descartes has in himself the idea of God and says that something, including that idea, can’t come from nothing. So that idea must have come from somewhere. He purposes that he cannot be the cause of the idea that God exists because he is finite and God is not. God is infinite. Descartes knows that God put this idea in him because he himself cannot think of it. He cannot come up with something that’s more than he can conceive of, and if he is a finite being, he cannot conceive of a being that is infinite. Just as a finite being, a†¦show more content†¦It is like you wouldn’t know that â€Å"white† lacks color if you did not already know that there were colors. You would not walk around seeing all white and wonder â€Å"Where’s the blue?† unless a greater being put the idea of â€Å"blue† in you. Here is another objection to his argument that Descartes considers: Perhaps I am something greater than I myself understand. Perhaps all these perfections that I am attributing to God are somehow in me potentially, although they do not yet assert themselves and are not yet actualized. For I now observe that my knowledge is gradually being increased, and I see nothing standing in the way of its being increased more and more to infinity. Moreover, I see no reason why, with my knowledge thus increased, I could not acquire all the remaining perfections of God. And, finally, if the potential for these perfections is in me already, I see no reason why this potential would not suffice to produce the idea of these perfections. (77) In other words, maybe Descartes could think up the idea of infinity, because he is getting more and more perfect, moving in that direction, and that enables him to imagine perfection. If Descartes was practicing running and he was running shorter miles everyday: 7 minute mile, 6 minute mile, 5 minute mile†¦ Someone might say that though he has not run a 4 minute mile yet, because he is progressing towards this, he is able to conceive of doing so. Descartes rejects this, saying: While it is true that my knowledge isShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Descartes And Nietzsche s View On God s Existence937 Words   |  4 Pagestruly a God or something superior to us? Yes of course. Conversely, atheists are people who don’t believe that God or a divine being exists. For the most part, atheists have acknowledged that the most reasonable conclusions are the ones that have the best evidential support. They have argued that the evidence in favor of God’s existence is too weak or the arguments in favor of concluding there is no God are more compelling. Two ancient philosophers, Descartes and Nietzsche’s have different views on God’sRead MoreWilliam Robertson Smith, A Scottish Orientalist, Old Testament1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe god can no more exist without his people than the nation without its god. This quote means that the amount of belief that people have on God reflects on how much hope God has for a nation. This quote ties into various discussions that have been going on for a long time, and that is whether or not God exists. A well known philosopher who shares his view on this argument would be Rene Descartes who says, I think therefore I am. This assertion has come to be known as the cogito. Descartes struggledRead MoreDescartes Theory Of Reasoning1184 Words   |  5 Pagesexplaining Antoine Arnauld’s objection to Descartes’ circular reasoning, I will be presenting a response given by Descartes. Then I will attempt to consider, on behalf of Arnauld, if the response is of adequacy, then I shall decide which view offers the best account. I suspect, however, that no matter what kind of response Descartes is to give, nothing will be able to save him from the torment of the so called ‘Cartesian circle’. In objection to Descartes’ reasoning behind his attempt to establishRead MoreEssay about Descartes vs. Spinoza1588 Words   |  7 PagesTerm Paper, Philosophy 1107 Aaron Davis Evaluation Comparison Between Descartes and Spinoza About The Paper: What I will do in this following paper is to discuss two very interesting philosophers, Rene Descartes and Benedictus de Spinoza. I will discuss each philosopher’s perspectives and insights on their most recognized theories and thoughts. I will then evaluate them and then give my opinion on the given topic. By doing this, I will contrast the similarities andRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1080 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Rene Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, God is not mentioned until the third meditation. Descartes point of view on God simply claims his existence through the act of being. According to his claim, God must, essentially, exist as well as being an outcome of His own creation. Descartes was greatly interested in the idea that God’s being promoted an external force that controlled all beings that supported his presence. Descartes declarations, presented in his Meditations onRead MoreDescartes Belief in God Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes and God In his groundbreaking work, Meditations on First Philosophy, the French philosopher Rene Descartes lays the groundwork for many philosophical principles by attempting to â€Å"establish a bold and lasting knowledge† (171)1. The foundations for knowledge Descartes established would go on to influence a plethora of other philosophers and philosophical works. Descartes argues in his meditations first from the point of view of complete skepticism, using skepticism as a tool in order toRead MoreThe Views On The Senses, But At The Same Time1368 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Geathers Philosophy S. Yeng 10/2/15 The topic of paper will involve an in-depth discussion of two differing views on the senses, but at the same time. These two epistemological and ontological views have been discussed by French philosopher Rene Descartes and Greek philosopher, Socrates. The first view, where Socrates proposes that in understanding knowledge, the senses should not be of great importance to humanity. He instead believes that understanding the world of ideas is the theoryRead MoreJohn Locke s View On Identity963 Words   |  4 Pagesis John Locke acknowledged in society? Rene Descartes became accredited by what? Well, people knew these men for their philosophical views, their views on identity varied undoubtedly. For example, Descartes famous line I think, therefore I am alludes to the fact that he most certainly exists. On the other hand, Locke believes that if you committed a crime, but cannot recall your actions, then you should not serve time for your crime. Hence, Descartes perspective of identity contains the self, asRead MorePropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper I intend to examine the rationalist philosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. As I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Rationalism and empiricism are two modes of thoughtRead MoreEssay about Descartes First Meditation924 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes#8217; first meditation, his main objective is to present three skeptical arguments to bring doubt upon what he considers his basic beliefs. Descartes believes this to be an intricate part of his complete epistemological argument. Descartes skeptical arguments are not intended to be a denial of his basic beliefs. On the contrary, he uses these arguments to help prove one of his main theses, which is the ex istence of God. One of the main premises that Descartes uses in his proof for

Rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead a play by to Essay Example For Students

Rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead a play by to Essay m stoppardHamlet one of Shakespeare’s greatest plays, where the young prince of Denmark must uncover the truth about his fathers death. Hamlet a play that tells the story of a young prince who’s father recently died. Hamlets uncle Claudius marries his mother the queen and takes the throne. As the play is told Hamlet finds out his father was murdered by the recently crowned king. The theme that remains constant throughout the play is appearance versus reality. Things within the play appear to be true and honest but in reality are infested with evil. Many of the characters within the play hide behind a mask of falseness. Four of the main characters that hid behind this mask are Polonius, Rosencrantz (Guildenstern), the king Cluadius. From behind this mask they give the impression of a person who is sincere and genuine, in reality they are plagued with lies and evil. There appearance will make it very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth, the characters hide behind. Polonius the kings royal assistant has a preoccupation with appearance. He always wants to keep up the appearance of loving and caring person. Polonius appears like a man who loves and cares about his son, Laertes. Polonius speaks to his son with advice that sounds sincere but in reality it is rehearsed, hollow and without feeling. Polonius gives his advice only to appear to be the loving caring father. The reality is he only speaks to appear sincere as a politician, to look good rather then actually be good: â€Å"And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. Farewell; my blessing season this in thee!† Act 1Polonius gives his son Laertes his blessing to go away, he sends a spy to follow him and keep an eye on him. This shows his lack of trust for anyone, he gives the appearance of a confident father who trusts his son to go off on his own. In reality he l ies about his trust for his son by sending a spy to watch him. His advice he gives his son is rehearsed and only said to give the appearance of a loving father. Polonius further adds to the theme appearance verses reality by ordering Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet. He lies to her telling her that Hamlet does not love her, he only lusts for her, in truth he does love her: Ay, springes to catch woodcocks. I do know, When the blood burns , how prodigal the soul Through the play Polonius hids behind his mask appearing to be honest loving parent. In reality Polonius lies, manipulates people and eavesdrops on peoples conversation. Polonius helps contribute to the theme appearance verses reality by showing how his appearance is not his true nature, behind the mask there lies someone totally different. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two of Hamlets childhood friends who when asked by the king, try to find out what is troubling the young prince. Both help to contribute to the theme by showing there appearance of being Hamlets friends. The pair go to Hamlet pretending to be his friends when in truth they are only there because the king asked them to find the truth. There is some irony within the twins, they are asked by the king to find out the truth by hiding within a lie, by pretending to be his friend: A dream is but a shadow Act II. Hamlet knows their purpose for their visit is to dig into his soul to find the real reason for his actions as of late. As the play continues the twins are asked again by the king to go to Hamlet and try again to find the real reason for Hamlets behavior. Hamlet insults them at every chance knowing they are lying to him about there purpose of the visit: Tis as easy as lying; govern these ventages with you finger and thumb, give it breath with your mouth†¦Act IIIAs the melodrama continues Hamlet goes with the twins to reclaim money that another state owes Denmark. Hamlet is sent by the king to retrieve the assets. In actuality Hamlet is sent off to wither because the king, Claudius knows that Hamlet knows too much and must be killed. The twins show there appearance of being Hamlets friends but in truth they have a hidden reason for visiting with Hamlet. Both show that it will be very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the fidelity hidden within the lies. .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .postImageUrl , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:hover , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:visited , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:active { border:0!important; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:active , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Master Appeal EssayClaudius the king of Denmark conduct in council gives him the appearance of an Honest and honorable man. In Act one scene two Claudius in the presence of council shows his true skill and ease of manner at speaking. Claudius speaks well of the spent king by showing a general love for him by all his subjects. Claudius show respect for the old sovereign by speaking kind words of him. In reality he cares little for the old king, he speaks kindly only to give the appearance of loving brother. Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother’s death The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts in grief, and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe Act I. As Claudius sends Voltimand and Cornelius off to give the king of Norway the message of Fortibras, he thanks and gives them complete trust, in the deliverance of the notation. This shows his trust and caring for his subjects in front of the council, wining even more consent from the council: We doubt it nothing: heartily farewell. Act I Claudius increases his appearance of a honest and honorable man, in front of the council by showing his respect for Polonius. He gives him the power to let his son Laertes stay or leave for Norway. Claudius speaks highly of Polonius giving him thanks and saying the he was responsible for Claudius becoming king: The head is not more native to the heart, The hand more instrumental to the mouth, Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father. What woudlst thou have, Laertes (Act I ii, 47-50)This council would see this as a man who greatly respects his subjects and cares for them. This adds to the difficulty of uncovering the truth for Hamlet later. Hamlet e nters the council chamber and speaks with Claudius. The king (Claudius) speaks with Hamlet seeming to be concerned with Hamlet. He gives advice that over grieveing is not healthy, this shows a concern for Hamlets well being. This conduct of Claudius gives him the appearance of being kind in front of council that accepts him even more for his family values: How is it that the clouds still hang on you? Act I Claudius appears to be even more caring when insulted by Hamlet he still shows love and general care for Hamlet. A normal king would have become angry and Hamlet would have gotten into trouble. Claudius shows the council that he is understanding of Hamlet’s grief over his father: A little more than kin, and less than kind. Act I . Claudius gives Hamlet advice that over grieveing can be harmful and not healthy. Claudius tells Hamlet that he is a admirable person for grieveing for so long over his dads death. Yet again Claudius keeps putting on the appearance of the honorable man. Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet, To give these mourning duties to your father: But, you must know, you father lost a father; That father lost, lost his; and the survivor bound In filial obligation for some term To do obsequious sorrow; but to persever In obstinate condolement is a course Act IClaudius further makes it difficult to uncover the truth by announcing that Hamlet is next in line for the throne of Denmark. This shows that Claudius would let Hamlet become the next king when he is gone. This reveals a love and care for Hamlet to the council and Gertrude making Claudius appear to be kind, loving person: You are the most immediate to our throne; And with no less nobility of love Act I Claudius final conduct that makes him a difficult truth to uncover, is his care and want that Hamlet remain in Denmark. Claudius is insulted by Hamlet, he asks Hamlet to stay only that his queen Gertrude wants Hamlet to stay. Claudius appears to be concerned with Hamlets we ll being, Gertrude and council see this ,making Claudius a more deserving person to be king. .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .postImageUrl , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:hover , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:visited , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:active { border:0!important; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:active , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Government Policies and their Effects on the UK Construction Industry EssayAs Claudius speaks in council he gives the appearance of someone who is a deserving person that should be king. Claudius is voted in as king meaning he is already approved by everyone. Claudius gives respect to his subjects giving the council the impression that he respects them. The king shows general concern for Hamlet, his nephew. This will make it very difficult to prove the truth about Claudius in the future for he has not only, one the love and respect of council (that voted him in). But also has prevented a attack on Denmark (from Fortinbras) proving that he is good king that can protect the state from harm. Claudius makes it very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth about the true nature of Claudius in the future. Through the characters within the play all help to show the theme, that being appearance verses reality. Polonius, Rosencrantz (Guildenstern) and the king all appear to be good and honest. As Hamlet finds out, all contain lies and have hidden intentions within them. As each character is presented in the play all appear to be good and honest making it a difficult task for Hamlet to uncover the hidden truth about the nature of each character. As Hamlet best said it something is rotten in Denmark That being the lies which have replaced or covered the true state of each character.

Physical Education and Human Biology Research Paper Example

Physical Education and Human Biology Paper While studying Physical Education and Human Biology at A level, my passion in sport and its relation with the human body has continued to grow and develop. As a keen sportsman I want to develop a career in the sports industry, using the knowledge gained through study to enhance my opportunities in this exciting area. I have also become more and more interested in the multiple factors influencing the performance of a person engaged in sport, from an occasional participant, through to club level and onto elite level athletes. These are factors that we have been investigating in detail through A level Physical Education. Studying Chemistry and Human Biology at A Level has developed my practical skills further, as a result of the many and varied experiments conducted in the laboratory. Additionally, I have gained valuable analysis and evaluation skills through this practical work, due to the need to analyse and evaluate the data retrieved from experiments, and interpreting this data into a meaningful conclusion. Human Biology has allowed me to expand my knowledge of the human body in many different ways, including how the human body operates, the factors which can influence it, and the way it responds to exercise. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Education and Human Biology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Education and Human Biology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Education and Human Biology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Of particular interest to me are the different aspects of sport science, for example, how performance is influenced by external factors such as nutrition and training, how psychology, biomechanics, and physiology contribute to an individuals success, and the role of sports and physical health in the context of quality of life. The continued study of these subjects will enable me to better understand success factors, which can mean the difference in performance between two similar athletes. Furthermore, expertise in these areas will help me to understand how to leverage these different influences to achieve improved performance. As an active member of my local Squash Club, I am involved in the committee, helping organise league matches, tournaments and external match competitions with other clubs. This has proved to be valuable experience in terms of learning to organise, communicate and run different types of events, whilst being a committed player myself. Other sports I am interested in include swimming, tennis and mountain-biking. My general interest in various sports has given me an insight into their discrete demands, their conception, and their physical and mental requirements. I have come to understand, however, that there are fundamental scientific principles which are the same for all sports. Recently I spent two weeks with French friends in France, and discovered that my interest in sport has been a useful way of meeting new people and improving my language skills. As a result my French has significantly improved. I have developed other skills that will benefit me at university through part-time work at my local supermarket. These involve serving and interacting with customers, cash handling, working with others as part of team and the need for efficient and effective work. I have received several shining stars from my employers in recognition of my part in the success of their operation. Continued study in the field of Sports and Exercise Science will be a challenge that I look forward to as I am determined to further develop my understanding with a view to pursuing a successful career in the Sports Industry. Studying at university will help build and develop the skills I have gained to date and will enable me to make an informed decision about which specific career path I wish to pursue.

music to be heard essays

music to be heard essays I believe that it is the music of our time that will be remembered long after we are gone, and it is bands like Oasis that led the revolution which took place recently. Oasis, headed by brothers Liam and Noel Gallagher was the first band after The Beatles to lash out against what had become the normal way a band should be, and that is why they will be known for years to come as the band who changed rock music. Noel Gallagher was born on May 29, 1967 in Manchester, he was the second son of Thomas and Margaret Gallagher. Thomas, Tommy to the boys at the pub, was a construction worker. He and his wife, known to her pals as Peggy, resided in the working-class Manchester suburb called Burnage with their first boy, Paul. "God was playing a joke when He made me," Noel Gallagher once said. "You know, 'Let's make this guy a writer and a guitar player, but let's make him write with his left hand but play with his right, and let's have him born in the middle of May and give him a Christmas name like Noel. Little did Noel know that when he grew up he was to become the frontman of one of the most influential rock bands in music history at a time when music was the most influential form of speech on the planet. Little Liam arrived in the Gallagher household five years later, on September 21, 1972. He and Noel were forced to share a bedroom, something that always bothered Noel to no end, seeing how Paul, just a year-and-a-half older than him, had his own room. But Liam and Noel made the best of it, and the bedroom saw the beginnings of the somewhat loving, often heated relationship between the brothers. The boys kept a running record of their childhood by scrawling on their wall, later described by Tommy as their "wonderwall", later to become the title of one of their biggest selling singles. Bits of songs, poems, favourite bands, football teams and the like were all immortalised on their bedro...

The Importance of Breastfeeding and the implications on Nursing Article

The Importance of Breastfeeding and the implications on Nursing - Article Example of milk from breast is the medium of transference of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type -1 (HIV) but yet it does not mean that breast feeding is the absolute route of transmission of this virus. Moreover, most of the researches are against this proposition and claim that HIV is not easily transmittable. Vast medical researches have played a vital role in the importance of breast feeding during early parenthood duration and continue until total time prescribed. Breastfeeding is advantageous for both infants and mothers as well. Mothers’ state of psychology can be stabled and many problems related to psychology disorders can be dealt by lactation to their babies (Ontario Medical Association 1943). Breast milking is a nutritional source which cannot be replaced by any other supplement and food prescribed and research by physicians for the infants. The obesity usually a mother encounters after pregnancy time period can be removed or at least reduced through the process of breast lactation. The belly watery position and fatty states can also be removed through this process. And speaking of infants, they are highly susceptible and sensitive to diseases at early age so they need highly nourished food (mother’s milk) so they can develop strong immunity system in them against those fatal diseases. Baccalaureate nursing programs according to Mr. Dodgson and Mr. Tarrant (2007), propose that nurses must have evidence based knowledge and education programs on breast feeding. Proper research literature on the breast feeding content should be included in the curricular. Midwives and nurses should promote education about breast feeding during delivery and early stages of birth. Nurses should aware the mothers to give lactations to their infants for the benefits of their babies and for them as well as this program were followed in Hong Kong. The article on surgeon’s call exposed the reasons behind the reluctance of mothers towards breastfeeding practices. As the culture

Business Strategies Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Strategies - Research Paper Example Organizational strategy therefore requires that all business units, support units and employees are aligned and linked with the business strategy. The most important management responsibility in this context is to design, create and implement organizational strategies which are best suited to the demands of the market, its customers and the business model. However, since the competitors in the market would also have access to the same or similar information and might develop the same strategies, it is crucial that it must consider its organizational design as its most important strategic weapon. Some of the factors to be kept in consideration are as follows (Heracleous, p.XIV). Firstly identifying the right organizational strategy suited for executing the business strategy of the firm is important. This must be followed by identifying its own operating capabilities and sources of competitive advantage. Organizations can only act according to its business strategies if management desi gns the right way for them to do so. The most important factor in this context is strategy and structure alignment in designing its capabilities in a completely informed and rational manner. Some of the problems that might arise in the process are the strategy changes that might have implications or poor alignment with the organizational design and structure; need for restructuring of organizational parts due to sudden changes in technologies and other competitive pressures; organizational growth demanding changes in organizational design and finally, poor execution and organizational effectiveness (Jensen, p.5). The first phase in this alignment is gathering and organizing of data which is then fed to the management in a way which supports validation and learning. The management reaches out on the many different key issues, causal factors and problems and organizational requirements. This is followed by the design process which includes scale and leverage assessment, designing vert ical alternatives and lateral structures etc. Since organizational structures work through trade-offs the various alternatives are evaluated through with regards to their fit with requirements, impact of implementation etc. Based on the evaluation the new organizational structure is created with clear roles and responsibilities; development of values and norms for the alignment of culture with strategy; designing rewards and metrics etc (Jensen, p.5). A theory of management has three main components, a set of assumptions regarding the attitudes and behaviors of humans, the managerial practices, policies and actions consistent with the assumptions, and expectations regarding the performance of employees if the policies are implemented. Research reveals that organizational structure affect the performance of a firm. There are evidences which show that a firm’s performance declines considerably when the strategies are not rightly matched with the appropriate structure and contro ls. The structure necessarily specifies the work which needs to be conducted and how to do it also. It influences the way managers perform their work activities and the decisions resulting from the same. Supporting the organizational structures, strategies are concerned with the processes used for conducting the task activities. Effective structures provide the stability and steadiness towards an organization’s needs and requirements to establish and implement its strategies. It also helps to maintain and its present

Machiavelli Lao-Tzu Essay Example for Free

Machiavelli Lao-Tzu Essay Lao-tzu was an ancient Chinese philosopher from 6th century BC, the author of Tao-te Ching, and Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher who lived 2000 years after Lao-tzus time, author of Prince. They are both philosophers but have totally different perspective on how to be a good leader. While both philosophers writing is instructive. Lao-tzus advice issues from detached view of a universal ruler; Machiavellis advice is very personal perhaps demanding. Both philosophers idea will not work for todays world, because that modern world is not as perfect as Lao-tzu described in Tao-te Ching, and not as chaotic as Machiavelli illustrated in Prince. Perhaps Lao-tzu and Machivellis political system will not work for todays world, but some of their philosophies are still exist in some of modern issues. One of those issues is gun control, which has become a dividing line in America. Lao-tzu advised in Tao-te Ching weapon are the tools of violence; all decent man detest them. Weapon are the tools of fear; a decent man will avoid them except in the direst necessity and, if compelled, will use them only with the utmost restraint. On the other hand Machiavelli wrote in Prince, Francesco Sforza became Duke of Milan from being a private citizen because he was armed; his sons, since they avoided the inconveniences of arms, became private citizens after having been duke. For, among the other bad effects it causes, being disarmed makes you despised; this is one of those infamies a prince should guard himself against (page 36) in which he pointed out that taking arms from a people can make a difference between a prince and a citizen. To gun control activists, the issue is about crime and the regulation of the weapons used to commit crimes. In their opinion, law-abiding citizens should have no need for guns, which is similar to Lao-tzus idea. However in opposite, the nations powerful gun lobby, the National Rifle Association, argues that gun control is a violation of freedom and rights to protect themselves, which correspond to Machiavellis idea. I think that if American government take either sides, will end up in total chaos. Gun control, which means law-abiding citizens lose their right to protect themselves, and outlaw, will be the only one legally own firearm. But if there are totally no gun control, a five year old boy can bring a gun to school, and shoot at teacher as he please, even thought that he doesnt know better. Machiavelli wrote A prince, therefore, must not have any other object nor any other thought, nor must he take anything as his profession but war, its discipline; because that is the only profession which befits one who commands; He discussed that a Princes duty is war and only war. This lead to the second issue, war, which existed as long as the existence of human kind, as I am writing this essay there are still wars going on all over the world. According to Machiavelli war should be the only thing on a princes mind, because if a prince give more thought to personal luxuries than war he could lose his state and position. Lao-tzu states in Tao-te Ching The master doesnt try to be powerful; thus he is truly powerful. The ordinary man keeps reaching for power; thus he never has enough. I have to disagree with both philosophers idea, because I think that war can be looked at as a human evolution, in the ancient world war was fought for land and freedom. In modern world, war was fought for gross of economy. War is something that just happens, its not necessary and cant be avoided. Look into American History From Civil War to Vietnam War to Desert Storm, which cost billions dollars and millions lives, will the war ever end? We all know, the answer is no. As long as human lives, the war will never end. Perhaps Lao-tzu and Machiavellis political view is totally opposite, at the end they all have a common goal is to create an ideal political system. The constitution among other things would not allow that sort of government today. The times have defiantly changed, but the need for the higher forms of thinking amongst society has not.

Utopian Hill Resort :: Resorts Hotels Travel Vacations Essays

Utopian Hill Resort The safety of the guests is among the most important factors that determine the quality and hospitality of a high class hotel. At Utopian Hill Resort, your safety is our top priority and we ensure the most advanced equipment for your safety. Utopian Hill features a top of the line surveillance system, police force, hospital clinic, and fire fighting system. It also has equipment to survive any threat from natural disasters. Surveillance is the most important aspect of security. There are hidden cameras placed all over the hotel, including the beaches, to keep staff aware of each visitor’s experience. Not only does this let waiters serve the guests in top speed and quality, but it is also very useful to avoid a prone accident, a robbery or any intruder. In addition to warning staff of intruders during the night, extending surveillance to the beach also helps staff locate any potential risk to the guests swimming in the beach. Standard cameras are placed throughout the hotel (reception room, game room, gym, dance club, etc.). They secure the safety of all guests and decrease the probability of vandalism or any other negative incident. Surveillance is truly an important part of keeping any facility under control, but it is only the stepping stone to security. Utopia Hill has a crew of private officers to back up the surveillance. There are two coastal guard boats surveying the coastal waters where most tourists relax and ride boat rentals. These men do their best to keep watch over the hotel facilities 24 hours a day and aware the police of any unhand able situation on the spot. Officers may also be contracted as personal body guards for the guests who demand extra security from their fans or a paparazzi. They are armed with stun guns (can be used at a range of ten feet), pepper spray, radios and handcuffs and are allowed to assault any threat (obsessed fans) to the guests. Although these officers can prevent many threatening situations, there are many accidents that occur regardless of prevention techniques. To care for such unfortunate guests, there is a 24 hour medical clinic with up to date first aid technology.

An Exploration Of The Traditional Customs Union Theory And The Static And Dynamic Effects Of Economic Integration

Introduction The benefits gained from regional integration are widely documented in literature and have been known since the time of classical economists (Oslington, 2013). Regional integration has become the subject of great interest due to the perceived benefits of preferential trade arrangements such as customs union, free trade area, and common market among many others.This paper will focus explicitly on customs unions, exploring the traditional customs union theory introduced by prof. Jacob Viner. The paper starts by defining customs union and then examines Viner’s framework of trade creation and trade-diversion effects. It is important to first define customs union and introduce the theory of customs union. In general, tariff systems often tend to discriminate either between commodities or between countries. Commodity discrimination occurs where different commodities are subjected to different rates of duty whereas country discrimination occurs where different countries are subjected to different rates of duty on the same commodity (Lipsey, 1960). The theory of customs union is defined by the latter part which involves geographical discrimination by imposition of external tariffs to imports from non-member states. As defined by (Clausing, 2000), a customs union is a form of preferential trade arrangement that involves a tariff-free market access between member countries while imports from non-member countries are subjected to a common external tariff. Customs union have for a long time formed the basis for regional integration. This has primarily been driven by the perceived trade benefits for having such trade agreements between member countries. Some of the best-known customs unions include the Benelux formed by Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands; Zollverein which was formed by German states; and the EEC which was established by several states including France, Belgium and Italy, and is now widely recognized as the EU (Strielkowski, 2013). Other examples of customs unions are the Mercosur and the Andean Community (Hannam, 2014). Viner’s framework of trade creation and trade-diversion effects. Any useful literature exploring the welfare effects of custom union formation must commence with the appreciation of the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy which is based on two important considerations: trade creation and trade diversion effects. The Vinerian orthodoxy has been the driving force behind the huge volume of literature exploring the welfare effects of economic integration. For a long time, the perceived trade gains of customs unions had provided the rationale for regional integration (Jovanovic, 1998). Such regional agreements were viewed as good in terms of the welfare benefits. However, following the work of Viner Jacob, this proposition turned out to be incorrect. Using the concepts of trade creation and trade diversion, Jacob Viner argued that regional trade agreements did not necessarily result trade gains in spite of elimination of trade barriers (Ambrego & Riezman 2003; Lipsey 2006). Suppose that two countries A and B agree to form a customs union with country C remaining outside the union. If prior to the formation of customs union, country A was importing from country C which is a low cost producer. With the union formed, A chooses to import from country B which is a high cost producer. In this case, the welfare is lowered despite the benefits of a tariff-free market as trade is diverted from a low cost producer to a high cost producer (Ambrego & Riezman 2003; Lipsey 2006). However, if a union was formed between A and C, then trade will be created and the welfare will increase. Using these static concepts, Professor Viner concluded that such regional agreements can only be beneficial to partner countries if it leads to trade in commodities which were not previously traded (trade creation) (Corden, 1972). Whereas if the union was trade diverting by shifting locus of production from low-cost third country to higher-cost partner country, then the effects are most likely to be detrimental for both partner countries and the rest of the world as well (Chipman, 1998 & Lipsey, 2006). Since the publication of his seminal work in 1950, many economists have been interested in pursuing the impact of these two effects on world welfare. His work has been the driving force behind later subsequent literature examining the impact of regional trade agreements on welfare. Subsequent empirical work Much of the empirical literature on customs union formation has been motivated by the work of Viner (1950). Prior to Vinerian orthodoxy, it had been customary to recognize customs union as always increasing welfare. The classical economic theory behind the formation customs union was the presumption that higher degree of economic integration was beneficial (Jonavonic 1998). Customs union formation was viewed as a step closer to free trade liberalization hence was seen as increasing world welfare. Viner’s seminal contributions proved this argument to be incorrect. However, Viner’s seminal contributions were challenged by Meade (1955) on grounds that the orthodoxy overlooked some of the benefits resulting in trade-diverting unions such as the benefits arising from substitution in consumption (Chipman, 1998). Lipsey (1957) and Gehrels (1956) criticized the Viner’s work over the same issue. These authors argued that preference considerations had to be taken into account when making determinations of the welfare gains and losses (Chipman, 1998). Dissatisfaction with the Vinerian orthodoxy led to the development of other approaches that yielded clear propositions including the general theory of the second best and the terms of trade-volume approach. It is important to note that the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy was based on two simplifying assumptions: Constant costs of production (Nicholls, 1993) Fixed proportions in consumptions (Nicholls, 1993). Meade (1956), Lipsey (1957) and Gehrels (1956) extended Viner’s basic model by relaxing the assumption of zero price elasticity’s of demand (Lee, 1978: p.248). This allowed for the determination of welfare effects with consideration of the changes in composition of consumption. Kemp (1969), Michaely (1965) and Vanek (1965) relaxed the assumption of constant costs. What is missing from traditional customs union theory? Besides these limitations, the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy seem to be missing important dynamic aspects which are crucial in determination of the welfare effect. The traditional customs union theory seems to concentrate more on trade creation and trade diversion effects that are likely to be trivial, ignoring those that are crucial in determining the net gains/losses from integration. Pro-competitive effect One particular aspect missing is the pro-competitive effect. For example, many small countries will tend to have a few large firms that may collude and raise prices at the expense of consumers. Forming customs union and ensuring a tariff free market will increase the degree of competition and force domestic firms to price more in line with marginal cost (Jovanovic, 1998). This pro-competitive effect will encourage them to reduce inefficiency and force them to price in line with marginal costs, thereby leading reducing the prices to consumers. This pro-competitive effect make it increasingly difficult for these firms to charge margins in excess of marginal costs (Josic & Josic, 2013) In this regard, Baldwin & Venables (1995) emphasize the importance of pro-competitive effect and even suggest that regional integration amplifies the pro-competitive effect compared to global integration. Formation of customs union create a large market and subjects producers to new forms of competition. Increase in competition forces the firms to be reduce the levels of x-inefficiency and to price in line with marginal cost in order to gain a new market share. Economies of scale Another criticism of the traditional customs union theory lies in its failure to allow for economies of scale (Corden, 1972). Viner’s analysis fails to incorporate the effect of economies of scale. It is a fact that regional integration leads to the formation of larger markets which allows firms to exploit greater economies of scale. Customs union formation will therefore lead to the exploitation of greater economies of scale, thereby driving down the costs. With the tariff barriers removed, nationally-scaled firms may benefit greater economies of scale from the larger single market created (Cakmak & Yilmaz, 2008). Economies of scale will allow these union producers to achieve an optimum scale of production, increase their efficiencies and decrease the average production costs as well as the prices to consumers (Ginsberg, 2010: 95) Technology spill overs Yet another aspect missing in the traditional customs union theory are the larger effects of technological advances. The productivity and innovative abilities of nationally scaled firms may further be enhanced by technology spillovers (Cakmak & Yilmaz, 2008). Research and development programs may help in improving technological innovations. There is a greater potential for technological innovation where such unions exist. Accumulation or growth effects Furthermore, given that integration leads to increased efficiency, it is also more likely to induce greater investment. This additional investment may lead to medium-term growth effect in some countries and can even improve long-run growth rates where the additional investment is associated with faster technical progress (Josie & Josie, 2013). From an investment perspective, foreign direct investment will be particularly important in boosting domestic growth. Arguments for and agents removing all tariffs Indeed there appears to be a number of justifiable reasons for customs union formation. A member country’s welfare as well as the world’s welfare can be raised if tariffs are reduced under such customs unions. However, the greatest benefits would be achieved by complete removal of the tariffs compared to mere reduction of these tariffs. The removal of all trade barriers will without doubt yield significant benefits in terms of reducing monopoly power, improving terms of trade, increasing efficiency, and improving technological innovations through technology spill-overs among many others. In fact, customs union theory fails to justify or rather explain the need for customs union formation since complete removal of all trade barriers could have all the benefits without incurring potential losses associated with joining customs unions (Jovanovic, 1998). The welfare of a member country is less likely to be raised by a mere reduction in tariffs compared to complete removal. A free trade agreement would therefore tend to have more welfare benefits than a customs union since trade creation is merely dependent on removal of tariff barriers (Clausing, 2000). However, Krueger (1997) points out that free trade agreements may not necessarily yield greater benefits than a customs union and even argues that it can generate additional welfare costs which would otherwise not have been incurred under a customs union. In fact, Krueger (1997) argues that a customs union will always remain superior to a free trade agreement. This points to the need for further analysis of the benefits and costs associated with Free trade agreements and customs unions formation. Conclusion Based on this analysis, this paper concludes that the static concepts of trade creation and diversion cannot appropriately measure the welfare effects of regional integration. Even though Viner seminal contributions points out that consumer welfare may increase due to tariff reductions while welfare cost may accrue from tariff discrimination of customs union, these static effects are trivial when considering the welfare effects of integration. The traditional customs union theory seem to ignore dynamic effects that are crucial in determining the net gains/losses from integration such as the pro-competitive effect, growth effect, economies of scale, and reduction of x-inefficiencies and monopoly power among many others A prime example can be seen with the European Union, a single market that has had important consequences both within and outside Europe. Following the EU’s single market program, there is now a greater awareness of the importance of formation of customs union and of the value of removing tariff barriers. The EU is not only the largest single importer and exporter, but is also the world’s largest and richest economic entity (Ginsberg, 2010: p.96). The gains associated with joining the union far outweigh the economic risks/costs. The EU is currently planning to expand its reach other European nations. Preferential trading agreements seem to be growing more rapidly, both in size and number. Reference Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A., 2006. â€Å"Effects of customs union with European Union on the market structure and pricing behaviour of Turkish manufacturing industry†. Applied Economics, vol.38 (20). Ambrego, L. and Riezman, R., 2003. Computation and the theory of customs unions. Ontario, Universities of Warwick and Western Ontario and NBER Baldwin, R.E. and Venables, A.J., 1995. â€Å"Regional economic integration†. In Handbook of International Economics, vol.3 , edited by G.M. Grossman and K. Rogoff. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp.1597-1644 Cakmak, O.A. and Yilmaz, S., 2008. The dynamic effects of economic integration: a comparative study on the competitive power of Turkey and EU-8 (Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia). Gazi University. Chipman, J.S., 1998. Welfare effects of trade-diveriting customs unions: a quantitative approach, USA, University of Minnesota. Clausing, K.A., 2000. â€Å"Customs unions and free trade areas†. Journal of Economic Integration, vol 15 (3), pp.418-435 Corden, W.M., 1972. â€Å"Economies of scale and customs union theory†. Nuffield College, Oxford Publishers., Journal of Political Economy, vol.80 (3) Gehrels, F., 1956. Customs Union from a Single-Country Viewpoint, Review of Economic Studies, 24, pp. 61-64. Ginsberg, R.H., 2010. Demistifying the European Union: the enduring logic of regional integration. Rowman & Littlefield publishers4 Hannan, D., 2014. The EU is not a free trade area but a customs union: until we understand the difference, the debate about our membership is meaningless. The Telegraph. Available from http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100186074/the-eu-is-not-a-free-trade-area-but-a-customs-union-until-we-understand-the-difference-the-debate-about-our-membership-is-meaningless/ [Viewed on 30th November 2014]. Josic, H. and Josic, M., 2013. Static and dynamic effects of customs union creation, Croatia, Faculty of Economics and Business Zagreb Jovanovic, M. N., 1998. International Economic Integration, London, Routledge. Kemp, M., 1969, The Pure Theory of International Trade and Investment. London: Prentice-Hall. Krueger, A., 1997. â€Å"Free Trade Agreements versus Customs Unions†, Journal of Development Economics 54, 169-187. Lee, S.A., 1978. Economic relations between West Asia and Southeast Asia. Papers and proceedings of an international conference, Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian. Lipsey, R. G., 1957, â€Å"The theory of customs unions: trade diversion and welfare†, Economica 24: 40:46 Lipsey, R.G., 1960. â€Å"The theory of Customs Unions: a general survey†, The Economic Journal, vol.70, No. 279 Lipsey, R.G., 2006. â€Å"The theory of customs unions: trade diversion and welfare†. Economica, New Series vol, 24. No.93 Meade, J.E., 1955, The Theory of Customs Unions. Amsterdam: North Holland. Mendes, M., 1986. â€Å"An alternative approach to customs union theory†. Journal of International Economic Integration 1(I), spring publications, pp.43-58 Michaely, M., 1965. â€Å"On Customs Unions and the Gains from Trade†, Economic Journal, 75, pp. 577-583. Nicholls, S.A., 1993. Theories of economic integration: a selective review, London: University of London Oslington, P., 2013. Contextual history, practitioner history and classic status: reading Jacob Viner’s the customs union issue, North Sydney, Australia, Australian Catholic University Strielkowski, W., 2012. Advanced economics of European integration: microeconomic aspects, National University of Ireland Viner, J., 1950, The Customs Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

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